Most Cited OSHA Standards
OSHA citation items, federal and State Plan, by year issued. Data through November 12, 2026.
State
About these filters
Part buttons are 29 CFR part numbers: 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, 1904 Recording and Reporting Occupational Injuries and Illnesses. Other codes are everything else, including the general duty clause (5A0001), other CFR parts, and codes State Plans record under their own numbering. Year and State are one choice: we hold no view of standards by state and year together, so the page never labels a state's all-years rows with a year.
Top 50 standards, 2010
29 CFR part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards: 113,013 citations, 45.8% of all citations in this view.
| Rank | Standard | Citations | Share of all citations | Inspections | Initial penalties | Current penalties |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1910.1200Hazard CommunicationTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2025. | 14,437 | 5.85% | 7,938 | $4,777,418 | $3,086,359 |
| 2 | 1910.305Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general useTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 8,460 | 3.43% | 5,429 | $5,369,356 | $3,398,595 |
| 3 | 1910.134Respiratory ProtectionTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 7,923 | 3.21% | 3,670 | $4,197,158 | $2,625,847 |
| 4 | 1910.303 | 6,524 | 2.64% | 4,715 | $4,902,123 | $3,243,358 |
| 5 | 1910.147The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout)Title checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 6,430 | 2.61% | 3,722 | $10,105,780 | $6,116,976 |
| 6 | 1910.178Powered Industrial TrucksTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 5,516 | 2.24% | 3,840 | $5,538,978 | $3,553,851 |
| 7 | 1910.132General requirementsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 4,730 | 1.92% | 3,525 | $3,405,297 | $2,225,340 |
| 8 | 1910.212General Requirements for All Machines (Machine Guarding)Title checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 4,598 | 1.86% | 3,882 | $8,367,904 | $5,441,594 |
| 9 | 1910.157Portable Fire ExtinguishersTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 3,861 | 1.56% | 2,844 | $1,270,015 | $785,615 |
| 10 | 1910.37 | 3,068 | 1.24% | 2,301 | $2,088,979 | $1,182,649 |
| 11 | 1910.215Abrasive Wheel MachineryTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 3,060 | 1.24% | 1,995 | $1,638,772 | $1,070,895 |
| 12 | 1910.1030Bloodborne PathogensTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2025. | 3,005 | 1.22% | 1,097 | $1,852,086 | $1,270,753 |
| 13 | 1910.23LaddersRewritten effective January 17, 2017. Figures include the earlier text. | 2,979 | 1.21% | 2,369 | $4,163,579 | $2,718,202 |
| 14 | 1910.219Mechanical Power-Transmission ApparatusTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 2,593 | 1.05% | 1,571 | $3,413,817 | $1,843,257 |
| 15 | 1910.22 | 2,577 | 1.04% | 2,308 | $2,273,873 | $1,311,937 |
| 16 | 1910.304Wiring design and protectionTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 2,089 | 0.85% | 1,862 | $1,295,649 | $837,592 |
| 17 | 1910.146Permit-Required Confined SpacesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,965 | 0.80% | 776 | $3,082,301 | $1,918,874 |
| 18 | 1910.151Medical Services and First AidTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,754 | 0.71% | 1,715 | $1,938,027 | $1,307,498 |
| 19 | 1910.95Occupational Noise ExposureTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,519 | 0.62% | 823 | $1,999,250 | $1,177,687 |
| 20 | 1910.106 | 1,484 | 0.60% | 1,077 | $1,175,834 | $820,994 |
| 21 | 1910.213Woodworking Machinery RequirementsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,320 | 0.53% | 743 | $1,286,756 | $865,792 |
| 22 | 1910.107Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible MaterialsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,319 | 0.53% | 572 | $1,041,055 | $603,805 |
| 23 | 1910.119Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous ChemicalsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,235 | 0.50% | 225 | $6,882,211 | $4,198,910 |
| 24 | 1910.253Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and CuttingTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,117 | 0.45% | 883 | $794,754 | $549,071 |
| 25 | 1910.133Eye and Face ProtectionTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 1,001 | 0.41% | 980 | $975,157 | $618,437 |
| 26 | 1910.242Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Equipment, GeneralTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 981 | 0.40% | 970 | $823,976 | $544,937 |
| 27 | 1910.141SanitationTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 911 | 0.37% | 682 | $408,330 | $237,915 |
| 28 | 1910.334Electrical - Use of EquipmentTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 890 | 0.36% | 806 | $495,993 | $270,567 |
| 29 | 1910.1025LeadTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2025. | 870 | 0.35% | 289 | $3,302,473 | $1,315,033 |
| 30 | 1910.36 | 820 | 0.33% | 730 | $847,982 | $569,463 |
| 31 | 1910.179Overhead and Gantry CranesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 797 | 0.32% | 458 | $780,372 | $477,586 |
| 32 | 1910.1026Chromium (VI)Title checked against CFR editions from 2006 on, except 2025. | 717 | 0.29% | 304 | $1,042,141 | $570,827 |
| 33 | 1910.176Handling Materials - GeneralTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 672 | 0.27% | 606 | $870,473 | $566,001 |
| 34 | 1910.217Mechanical Power PressesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 644 | 0.26% | 253 | $1,023,502 | $626,492 |
| 35 | 1910.184SlingsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 579 | 0.23% | 345 | $534,563 | $356,047 |
| 36 | 1910.67Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work PlatformsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 524 | 0.21% | 446 | $861,085 | $655,909 |
| 37 | 1910.38 | 481 | 0.19% | 447 | $239,265 | $153,322 |
| 38 | 1910.335Electrical - SafeguardsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 447 | 0.18% | 281 | $3,134,255 | $814,647 |
| 39 | 1910.266Logging OperationsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 443 | 0.18% | 150 | $370,810 | $287,828 |
| 40 | 1910.333Electrical - Selection and Use of Work PracticesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 429 | 0.17% | 327 | $2,589,185 | $933,048 |
| 41 | 1910.24 | 412 | 0.17% | 358 | $308,928 | $210,301 |
| 42 | 1910.138Hand ProtectionTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 405 | 0.16% | 402 | $280,431 | $171,035 |
| 43 | 1910.101Compressed Gases (General Requirements)Title checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 404 | 0.16% | 382 | $247,725 | $157,234 |
| 44 | 1910.252General requirementsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 402 | 0.16% | 316 | $532,982 | $314,581 |
| 45 | 1910.1001AsbestosTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2025. | 401 | 0.16% | 233 | $316,990 | $215,910 |
| 46 | 1910.110Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum GasesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 395 | 0.16% | 341 | $298,918 | $205,329 |
| 47 | 1910.1052 | 363 | 0.15% | 140 | $630,925 | $414,017 |
| 48 | 1910.272Grain Handling FacilitiesTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 357 | 0.14% | 117 | $1,883,350 | $1,377,606 |
| 49 | 1910.120Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency ResponseTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2002. | 337 | 0.14% | 186 | $444,190 | $344,697 |
| 50 | 1910.1000Air ContaminantsTitle checked against CFR editions from 1997 on, except 2025. | 324 | 0.13% | 165 | $732,885 | $446,684 |
Order: most citations first. Bars compare the rows shown. Tap a standard for all figures.
11910.1200Hazard CommunicationCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 202514,4375.85% of all7,938inspections$3,086,359current penalties
- Citations
- 14,437
- Inspections
- 7,938
- Current penalties
- $3,086,359
- Initial penalties
- $4,777,418
- Share of all citations
- 5.85%
21910.305Wiring methods, components, and equipment for general useCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20028,4603.43% of all5,429inspections$3,398,595current penalties
- Citations
- 8,460
- Inspections
- 5,429
- Current penalties
- $3,398,595
- Initial penalties
- $5,369,356
- Share of all citations
- 3.43%
31910.134Respiratory ProtectionCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20027,9233.21% of all3,670inspections$2,625,847current penalties
- Citations
- 7,923
- Inspections
- 3,670
- Current penalties
- $2,625,847
- Initial penalties
- $4,197,158
- Share of all citations
- 3.21%
41910.3036,5242.64% of all4,715inspections$3,243,358current penalties
- Citations
- 6,524
- Inspections
- 4,715
- Current penalties
- $3,243,358
- Initial penalties
- $4,902,123
- Share of all citations
- 2.64%
51910.147The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout)CFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20026,4302.61% of all3,722inspections$6,116,976current penalties
- Citations
- 6,430
- Inspections
- 3,722
- Current penalties
- $6,116,976
- Initial penalties
- $10,105,780
- Share of all citations
- 2.61%
61910.178Powered Industrial TrucksCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20025,5162.24% of all3,840inspections$3,553,851current penalties
- Citations
- 5,516
- Inspections
- 3,840
- Current penalties
- $3,553,851
- Initial penalties
- $5,538,978
- Share of all citations
- 2.24%
71910.132General requirementsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024,7301.92% of all3,525inspections$2,225,340current penalties
- Citations
- 4,730
- Inspections
- 3,525
- Current penalties
- $2,225,340
- Initial penalties
- $3,405,297
- Share of all citations
- 1.92%
81910.212General Requirements for All Machines (Machine Guarding)CFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024,5981.86% of all3,882inspections$5,441,594current penalties
- Citations
- 4,598
- Inspections
- 3,882
- Current penalties
- $5,441,594
- Initial penalties
- $8,367,904
- Share of all citations
- 1.86%
91910.157Portable Fire ExtinguishersCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20023,8611.56% of all2,844inspections$785,615current penalties
- Citations
- 3,861
- Inspections
- 2,844
- Current penalties
- $785,615
- Initial penalties
- $1,270,015
- Share of all citations
- 1.56%
101910.373,0681.24% of all2,301inspections$1,182,649current penalties
- Citations
- 3,068
- Inspections
- 2,301
- Current penalties
- $1,182,649
- Initial penalties
- $2,088,979
- Share of all citations
- 1.24%
111910.215Abrasive Wheel MachineryCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20023,0601.24% of all1,995inspections$1,070,895current penalties
- Citations
- 3,060
- Inspections
- 1,995
- Current penalties
- $1,070,895
- Initial penalties
- $1,638,772
- Share of all citations
- 1.24%
121910.1030Bloodborne PathogensCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20253,0051.22% of all1,097inspections$1,270,753current penalties
- Citations
- 3,005
- Inspections
- 1,097
- Current penalties
- $1,270,753
- Initial penalties
- $1,852,086
- Share of all citations
- 1.22%
131910.23LaddersRewritten 2017; includes earlier text2,9791.21% of all2,369inspections$2,718,202current penalties
- Citations
- 2,979
- Inspections
- 2,369
- Current penalties
- $2,718,202
- Initial penalties
- $4,163,579
- Share of all citations
- 1.21%
141910.219Mechanical Power-Transmission ApparatusCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20022,5931.05% of all1,571inspections$1,843,257current penalties
- Citations
- 2,593
- Inspections
- 1,571
- Current penalties
- $1,843,257
- Initial penalties
- $3,413,817
- Share of all citations
- 1.05%
151910.222,5771.04% of all2,308inspections$1,311,937current penalties
- Citations
- 2,577
- Inspections
- 2,308
- Current penalties
- $1,311,937
- Initial penalties
- $2,273,873
- Share of all citations
- 1.04%
161910.304Wiring design and protectionCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20022,0890.85% of all1,862inspections$837,592current penalties
- Citations
- 2,089
- Inspections
- 1,862
- Current penalties
- $837,592
- Initial penalties
- $1,295,649
- Share of all citations
- 0.85%
171910.146Permit-Required Confined SpacesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,9650.80% of all776inspections$1,918,874current penalties
- Citations
- 1,965
- Inspections
- 776
- Current penalties
- $1,918,874
- Initial penalties
- $3,082,301
- Share of all citations
- 0.80%
181910.151Medical Services and First AidCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,7540.71% of all1,715inspections$1,307,498current penalties
- Citations
- 1,754
- Inspections
- 1,715
- Current penalties
- $1,307,498
- Initial penalties
- $1,938,027
- Share of all citations
- 0.71%
191910.95Occupational Noise ExposureCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,5190.62% of all823inspections$1,177,687current penalties
- Citations
- 1,519
- Inspections
- 823
- Current penalties
- $1,177,687
- Initial penalties
- $1,999,250
- Share of all citations
- 0.62%
201910.1061,4840.60% of all1,077inspections$820,994current penalties
- Citations
- 1,484
- Inspections
- 1,077
- Current penalties
- $820,994
- Initial penalties
- $1,175,834
- Share of all citations
- 0.60%
211910.213Woodworking Machinery RequirementsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,3200.53% of all743inspections$865,792current penalties
- Citations
- 1,320
- Inspections
- 743
- Current penalties
- $865,792
- Initial penalties
- $1,286,756
- Share of all citations
- 0.53%
221910.107Spray Finishing Using Flammable and Combustible MaterialsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,3190.53% of all572inspections$603,805current penalties
- Citations
- 1,319
- Inspections
- 572
- Current penalties
- $603,805
- Initial penalties
- $1,041,055
- Share of all citations
- 0.53%
231910.119Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous ChemicalsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,2350.50% of all225inspections$4,198,910current penalties
- Citations
- 1,235
- Inspections
- 225
- Current penalties
- $4,198,910
- Initial penalties
- $6,882,211
- Share of all citations
- 0.50%
241910.253Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and CuttingCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,1170.45% of all883inspections$549,071current penalties
- Citations
- 1,117
- Inspections
- 883
- Current penalties
- $549,071
- Initial penalties
- $794,754
- Share of all citations
- 0.45%
251910.133Eye and Face ProtectionCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20021,0010.41% of all980inspections$618,437current penalties
- Citations
- 1,001
- Inspections
- 980
- Current penalties
- $618,437
- Initial penalties
- $975,157
- Share of all citations
- 0.41%
261910.242Hand and Portable Powered Tools and Equipment, GeneralCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20029810.40% of all970inspections$544,937current penalties
- Citations
- 981
- Inspections
- 970
- Current penalties
- $544,937
- Initial penalties
- $823,976
- Share of all citations
- 0.40%
271910.141SanitationCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20029110.37% of all682inspections$237,915current penalties
- Citations
- 911
- Inspections
- 682
- Current penalties
- $237,915
- Initial penalties
- $408,330
- Share of all citations
- 0.37%
281910.334Electrical - Use of EquipmentCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20028900.36% of all806inspections$270,567current penalties
- Citations
- 890
- Inspections
- 806
- Current penalties
- $270,567
- Initial penalties
- $495,993
- Share of all citations
- 0.36%
291910.1025LeadCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20258700.35% of all289inspections$1,315,033current penalties
- Citations
- 870
- Inspections
- 289
- Current penalties
- $1,315,033
- Initial penalties
- $3,302,473
- Share of all citations
- 0.35%
301910.368200.33% of all730inspections$569,463current penalties
- Citations
- 820
- Inspections
- 730
- Current penalties
- $569,463
- Initial penalties
- $847,982
- Share of all citations
- 0.33%
311910.179Overhead and Gantry CranesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20027970.32% of all458inspections$477,586current penalties
- Citations
- 797
- Inspections
- 458
- Current penalties
- $477,586
- Initial penalties
- $780,372
- Share of all citations
- 0.32%
321910.1026Chromium (VI)CFR title checked from 2006 on, except 20257170.29% of all304inspections$570,827current penalties
- Citations
- 717
- Inspections
- 304
- Current penalties
- $570,827
- Initial penalties
- $1,042,141
- Share of all citations
- 0.29%
331910.176Handling Materials - GeneralCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20026720.27% of all606inspections$566,001current penalties
- Citations
- 672
- Inspections
- 606
- Current penalties
- $566,001
- Initial penalties
- $870,473
- Share of all citations
- 0.27%
341910.217Mechanical Power PressesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20026440.26% of all253inspections$626,492current penalties
- Citations
- 644
- Inspections
- 253
- Current penalties
- $626,492
- Initial penalties
- $1,023,502
- Share of all citations
- 0.26%
351910.184SlingsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20025790.23% of all345inspections$356,047current penalties
- Citations
- 579
- Inspections
- 345
- Current penalties
- $356,047
- Initial penalties
- $534,563
- Share of all citations
- 0.23%
361910.67Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work PlatformsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20025240.21% of all446inspections$655,909current penalties
- Citations
- 524
- Inspections
- 446
- Current penalties
- $655,909
- Initial penalties
- $861,085
- Share of all citations
- 0.21%
371910.384810.19% of all447inspections$153,322current penalties
- Citations
- 481
- Inspections
- 447
- Current penalties
- $153,322
- Initial penalties
- $239,265
- Share of all citations
- 0.19%
381910.335Electrical - SafeguardsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024470.18% of all281inspections$814,647current penalties
- Citations
- 447
- Inspections
- 281
- Current penalties
- $814,647
- Initial penalties
- $3,134,255
- Share of all citations
- 0.18%
391910.266Logging OperationsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024430.18% of all150inspections$287,828current penalties
- Citations
- 443
- Inspections
- 150
- Current penalties
- $287,828
- Initial penalties
- $370,810
- Share of all citations
- 0.18%
401910.333Electrical - Selection and Use of Work PracticesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024290.17% of all327inspections$933,048current penalties
- Citations
- 429
- Inspections
- 327
- Current penalties
- $933,048
- Initial penalties
- $2,589,185
- Share of all citations
- 0.17%
411910.244120.17% of all358inspections$210,301current penalties
- Citations
- 412
- Inspections
- 358
- Current penalties
- $210,301
- Initial penalties
- $308,928
- Share of all citations
- 0.17%
421910.138Hand ProtectionCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024050.16% of all402inspections$171,035current penalties
- Citations
- 405
- Inspections
- 402
- Current penalties
- $171,035
- Initial penalties
- $280,431
- Share of all citations
- 0.16%
431910.101Compressed Gases (General Requirements)CFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024040.16% of all382inspections$157,234current penalties
- Citations
- 404
- Inspections
- 382
- Current penalties
- $157,234
- Initial penalties
- $247,725
- Share of all citations
- 0.16%
441910.252General requirementsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20024020.16% of all316inspections$314,581current penalties
- Citations
- 402
- Inspections
- 316
- Current penalties
- $314,581
- Initial penalties
- $532,982
- Share of all citations
- 0.16%
451910.1001AsbestosCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20254010.16% of all233inspections$215,910current penalties
- Citations
- 401
- Inspections
- 233
- Current penalties
- $215,910
- Initial penalties
- $316,990
- Share of all citations
- 0.16%
461910.110Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum GasesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20023950.16% of all341inspections$205,329current penalties
- Citations
- 395
- Inspections
- 341
- Current penalties
- $205,329
- Initial penalties
- $298,918
- Share of all citations
- 0.16%
471910.10523630.15% of all140inspections$414,017current penalties
- Citations
- 363
- Inspections
- 140
- Current penalties
- $414,017
- Initial penalties
- $630,925
- Share of all citations
- 0.15%
481910.272Grain Handling FacilitiesCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20023570.14% of all117inspections$1,377,606current penalties
- Citations
- 357
- Inspections
- 117
- Current penalties
- $1,377,606
- Initial penalties
- $1,883,350
- Share of all citations
- 0.14%
491910.120Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency ResponseCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20023370.14% of all186inspections$344,697current penalties
- Citations
- 337
- Inspections
- 186
- Current penalties
- $344,697
- Initial penalties
- $444,190
- Share of all citations
- 0.14%
501910.1000Air ContaminantsCFR title checked from 1997 on, except 20253240.13% of all165inspections$446,684current penalties
- Citations
- 324
- Inspections
- 165
- Current penalties
- $446,684
- Initial penalties
- $732,885
- Share of all citations
- 0.13%
- All citations in this view: 246,763. Share is each standard's citations divided by that total.
- Federal codes combine all their paragraphs, so 1910.1200 is one row. State Plan codes are listed exactly as recorded, with the OSHA citation code shown.
- Inspections counts each inspection once per standard, however many paragraphs were cited.
- Initial penalties are the amounts first assessed. Current penalties reflect later changes, such as settlements or contest outcomes.
- Citations with no state on the inspection record are counted here, not in state views.
- No title is shown where a single title could not be confirmed against the CFR editions in force across the code's citation years. An edition named as an exception is missing from govinfo's bulk data for that CFR volume, so it could not be checked.
Official resources
OSHA standards by number · Penalty amounts · File a complaint
Data Source and Methodology
DOL source dataData on this page comes from the U.S. Department of Labor's OSHA enforcement database, accessed via the DOL public data API. Errors in data processing or establishment grouping are possible. Penalty amounts are the latest on record and may differ from the initial assessment or the final amount after informal conference, settlement or judicial review. Company pages group records by employer name, city and state as OSHA reported them, not by legal entity (methodology). Found an error? Report it. This product uses the DOL Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the DOL. For official and authoritative records, visit osha.gov.
SafetyRecord also offers this data as an API and bulk files, with inspections grouped by establishment and a record of how citations change after OSHA publishes them: Data & API.